![]() At the same time, a closer look at the current limitations will not be avoided. Aspects discussed include the physical background and implications of the key advantages of NIR spectroscopy, such as minimal requirement for sample preparation, suitability to interrogate moist samples, potential for accurate quantitative analysis, etc. For this reason, it is useful to briefly summarize the essential similarities and differences existing between these competing techniques. Recent literature lacks comprehensive reviews that would aim to sketch the current state and the future potential of NIR spectroscopy in this area of research. The present review aims to provide a critical overview of NIR spectroscopy in a diverse field of bio-applications, and to expose its strengths and limitations in comparative manner. ![]() Recent years have demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy may successfully be used in unique ways and deliver information difficult to obtain by the competing techniques. Nonetheless, NIR spectroscopy steadily gains in importance with a number of recent advances accelerating this trend. As the consequence of several reasons, with some exceptions, the full potential of NIR spectroscopy in bio-applications yet remains to be uncovered. The typical key areas are e.g., bioanalytical research and biomedical diagnosis, in which NIR spectroscopy has typically been shadowed by IR and Raman techniques, and where it still has room to progress in popularity. On the other hand, in several others areas it competes with better established techniques such as infrared (IR, i.e., mid-infrared, MIR 4000–400 cm −1 2500–25,000 nm) and Raman spectroscopy. On the one hand, it has earned the status of tool-of-choice in various applications concerning the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bio-related samples, e.g., in medicinal plant analysis or the issues related with the quality control of natural products. Near-infrared (NIR 1000–2500 nm 10,000–4000 cm −1) spectroscopy might be summarized as a vibrational spectroscopy technique that occupies a somewhat peculiar spot across the field of bioscience. Attention is given to link the bio-application potential of NIR spectroscopy with its fundamental characteristics and principal features of NIR spectra. Its practical value is critically assessed and compared with competing techniques. This review aims to present NIR spectroscopy as a matured technique, yet with great potential for further advances in several directions throughout broadly understood bio-applications. Recent decades brought significant progress in the instrumentation (e.g., miniaturized spectrometers) and spectral analysis methods (e.g., spectral image processing and analysis, quantum chemical calculation of NIR spectra), which made notable impact on its applicability. This vibrational spectroscopy technique elucidates molecular information from the examined sample by measuring absorption bands resulting from overtones and combination excitations. ![]() Its characteristics and application potential differs from infrared (IR) or Raman spectroscopy. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy occupies a specific spot across the field of bioscience and related disciplines.
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